Parkinson's disease is a common disorder that arises due to some imperfection that amends the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Parkinson's disease is the outcome of the death of the dopamine-containing cells of the midbrain region identified as substantia nigra. The reason for the death of these cells is still unidentified. The prompt symptoms of the disease are problems related with movement like shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty in walking and gait. As the disease progresses the patient suffers from cognitive impairment as well as behavioural problems. Dementia is the most protuberant feature in advanced phases of the disease. Other secondary symptoms are sleep, emotional and sensory problems. This disease is generally found in the old people who have crossed their fifties. When the main motor symptoms are taken into contemplation then the disease is termed as Parkinsonism or Parkinsonian syndrome. This disorder is sometimes also kept under the idiopathic category although some in unusual cases genetic origin also plays a key role. Studies have clearly indicated that the jeopardy of PD escalates if individuals are exposed to certain pesticides although the risk diminishes in tobacco smokers. From the pathological point of view PD crops up due to the accretion of a protein known as alpha-synuclein in the form of inclusions. These inclusions are designated by the term Lewy bodies that accrues in neurons. Inadequate formation and function of dopamine in certain specialized areas of the midbrain are also considered to be accountable for PD. Apart from the symptoms neuroimaging of brain is very helpful in validation of the disease.Levodopa and dopamine agonists have been found to be effective in treating early symptoms of the disease. As the disease progresses the dopamine neurons endure to get lost from the midbrain regions and a stage arrives when the drugs become futile for treating the early symptoms. When this stage is reached another impediment known as dyskinesia arises that is associated with involuntary writhing movements. Diet and some types of rehabilitation can however help to reduce some symptoms. When drugs become ineffective then surgery and deep brain stimulation is the ultimate solution as it can reduce motor symptoms. Studies carried out on animal models have shown that stem cell transplants, gene therapy and neuro-protective agents can help to reduce the disastrous symptoms of PD. Medications for the sleep disturbances and emotional problems are also accessible. The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson who first gave the detailed account of the disease in An Essay of the Shaking Palsy in 1817. Red tulip is the icon of this disease and world Parkinson's day is celebrated in the memory of Dr. Parkinson on 11th, April. Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali are the renowned personalities who also suffered from this disease and helped to engender awareness about the consequences and treatment of PD.ClassificationThe term Parkinsonism is applied for a motor syndrome whose core symptoms are tremors at rest, stiffness, slowing of movement and postural instability. Parkinsonian syndrome can be classified in four categories depending upon the origin of symptoms. These subtypes are primary or idiopathic, secondary or acquired, hereditary Parkinsonism and Parkinson plus syndromes. Parkinson's disease is the most common type of Parkinsonism also known as primary Parkinsonism but the applicable cause of this disease is still mysterious. In the topical years studies have directed that genes play a foremost role in this disorder. PD is generally classified as a movement disorder but it is also accountable for many non-motors problems like sensory problems, cognitive impairments and sleep disruptions. The symptoms of the primary Parkinsonism comprise multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. From the pathophysiological point of view Parkinsonism is considered a synucleinopathy as there is anomalous amassing of alpha-synuclein protein in the form of Lewy bodies in brain. This condition can be equated with the Alzheimer's disease as there is accretion of tau protein the form of inexplicable neurofibrillary tangles. Studies have indicated that there is a clinical and pathological intersection between the tauopathies and synucleinopathies. The neurofibrillary tangles have been segregated from the brains of patients of PD. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has resemblances with PD. The meticulous association between PD and DLB is still not clear. They may be studied together or can be treated as discrete categories.SymptomsPD causes movement allied difficulties resulting in motor problems. Apart from motor problems non-motor problems like autonomic dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems followed by sensory and sleep difficulties also show their presence in advanced phases of the disease. Four motor problems are contemplated as serious in this disorder and these are tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural instability. Tremor is the very frequently noticed symptom of PD. In about 30% cases tremors do not arise as the first symptom of the disorder but develop later as the disease progresses. Among the tremors the frequency of the rest tremor is high and it escalates when the limb is at rest but fades when any voluntary action is executed or the patient is sleeping. The rest tremor is known to distress the distal part of the limb first. In the beginning only the single hand or leg is encompassed but as the disease progresses this tremor becomes bilateral. The frequency of the tremor ranges between 4-6 hertz. The index finger of the hand comes in contact with the thumb and performs a circular movement known as pill rolling which is the strategic feature of rest tremor.Slowness of movement also known as Bradykinesia is another crucial feature of PD. As the name signposts this symptom is acquainted with difficulties in performing movements. Sequential and simultaneous movements become intolerable. This symptom becomes more penetrating in later phases of the disease. The prompt symptoms of Bradykinesia are difficulties in performing daily activities like writing, dressing etc. as fine motor control is required. The next distinctive symptom of PD is rigidity which can be recognized by failure of the limb to carry out movement. Rigidity is caused by increased muscle tone due to disproportionate and incessant contraction of muscles. Rigidity may be uniform or ratchety in Parkinsonism. The term cogwheel rigidity can be applied when tremors and increased muscle tone come into play. Rigidity can be associated with joint pain as it is the earlier symptom of PD. Rigidity may be disproportionate as it tends to upset the muscles of neck and shoulders first. As the disease progresses rigidity affects all the movements of body. Postural instability arises in later phase of the disease causing impaired balance and the bones are at the risk of getting fractured effortlessly. This symptom is generally inattentive in the young patients as it ascends in later phase of the disease. About 40% patients fall very frequently and about 10% patients experience weekly fall showing the severity of the disease. Other motor problems embrace gait and posture disturbances like festination, speech and swallowing disturbances like voice disorders.Neuropsychiatric problems are also an imperative part of Parkinson's disease and they may range from slight to severe ones. These problems comprise disturbances in cognition, mood, behavior and thought processes. Cognitive problems may arise in the preliminary stages of the disease and can upsurge as the disease advances. The most frequent cognitive disturbance is the executive dysfunction which can be characterized by problems related to abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, inappropriate actions and selecting relevant sensory information. Slow cognitive speed and fluctuations in attention are other problems. Visuospatial problems are also not uncommon. A person suffering from PD has at two to six times greater risk of getting affected with dementia in comparison to the normal population. Dementia can be coupled with reduced quality of life and resilient support as well as care of the family is necessitated for the patents suffering from PD and dementia.Mood and behavior alterations are very frequent in patients of PD with dementia. These alterations are also present in patients without cognitive impairment. Depression, anxiety and apathy are the most common mood alterations. Medication overuse and craving, hypersexuality is also common and is related with the medication which is used in the management of the disease. Delusions and hallucinations have been notified in about 4% patients. This symptom is the upshot of the dopaminergic excess. PD can also disturb other functions of body. Sleep problems are very frequent if PD and can be deteriorated by medications. Sleep disturbances comprise drowsiness and insomnia. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system cause oily skin, orthostatic hypotension, excessive sweating, altered sexual function and uncontrolled urination. Gastric problems and constipation also become severe and can jeopardize patient's health. Problems related to eye and vision also come into action and comprise of declined blink rate, dry eyes, saccadic movements, decreased ocular pursuit and blurred vision. Impaired sense of smell and sensation of pain followed by paresthesia are also noticed. These symptoms make their appearance much before the diagnosis of the disease.CausesMost patients of Parkinson's disease can be placed in the category of idiopathic disease as the meticulous cause of the disorder is unknown. A very trivial portion of cases can be cogitated under the category of genetic factors. Other factors can be placed under the category of risky elements that may cause PD but the precise relationship between them and the disease is still vague. PD is generally considered a non-genetic disorder but in about 5% cases mutation in some unambiguous genes can result in this disorder. The genes namely SNCA, UCH-L1, PRKN, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1 and ATP13A2 code for alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, parkin, leucin-rich repeat kinase 2, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and mutations in any of these gene can result in PD. Mutation in LRRK2 gene proliferates the chances of occurrence of PD in comparison with other genes. SNCA and LRRK2 are the most comprehensively studied PD-related genes. Mutations in SNCA, LRRK2 and glucocerebrocidase (GBA) increase the risk of sporadic PD. Mutations in GBA result in Gaucher's disease.Role of SNCA is very vital in PD as this gene is accountable for the formation of a protein known as alpha-synuclein which is the foremost element of Lewy bodies. Missense mutations of the gene followed by duplication and triplication of the locus have been noticed in groups with familial PD. Although missense mutations are intermittent but multiplication of the SNCA locus account for 2% of cases with familial PD. Multiplications have been noticed in the asymptomatic carriers. LRRK2 gene codes for a protein known as dardarin. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are primarily accountable for sporadic and familial PD. It accounts for 10% of familial and 3% of the sporadic cases of PD. According to a guesstimate about 40 different mutations in genes have been found to be blamable for PD.PathologyA group of brain structures which are innervated by dopaminergic system and identified as basal ganglia are severely damaged in Parkinson's disease. The cells in the regions of substantia nigra and pars compact die very frequently. Macroscopic alterations can be identified in the cut surfaces of the brainstem due to neuronal loss. The melanin pigmentation also reduces in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Histopathology of substantia nigra and other regions of brain show heavy neuronal loss as well as heavy accumulation of Lewy bodies. Neuronal loss is followed by death of astrocytes and activation of the microglia. Presence of Lewy bodies in different regions of brain is the key feature of this disorder. The primary symptoms of this disease are due to the reduced activity of dopamine producing neurons especially in the regions substantia nigra and pars compacta.Basal ganglia are connected to other areas of brain through five major pathways. These pathways are motor, oculo-motor, associative, limbic and orbitofrontal circuits. In PD all these circuits are disturbed and so the patient suffers from the problems associated with movement, attention and learning. Out of all the five circuits, motor circuit has been intensively studied. A conceptual model has been in practice since 1980 which shows direct relationship between alteration of motor circuit and appearance symptoms of PD. The model is however, modified with recent advances in research but is still used even today. According to this model, the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a wide range of motor systems that prevents them from being active at inappropriate times. When a particular motor action has to be performed then this inhibitory effect is reduced. This inhibitory effect diminishes with the release of dopamine. High levels of dopamine are required in order to perform motor actions but if the level of dopamine declines symptoms of PD get a chance to make their appearance. The condition in which the level of dopamine declines is known as hypokinesia and causes difficulty in motor actions. The drugs that are used to treat PD may produce excessive high levels of dopamine resulting in activation of motor systems at inappropriate times causing dyskinesias.A number of mechanisms are known in which loss of brain cells is observed. One such mechanism consists of abnormal accumulation of a protein known as alpha-synuclein. This protein combines with ubiquitin and results in neuronal loss. This protein accumulates inside the cells in the form of inclusions known as Lewy bodies. According to Braak staging Lewy bodies first make their appearance in the olfactory bulb, medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum. As the disease progresses Lewy bodies start accumulating in substantia nigra, areas of midbrain and basal forebrain and later in the neocortex. These areas are the chief sites where heavy neuronal loss occurs. Lewy bodies may not be responsible for cell death and may be protective. In the patients suffering from dementia heavy accumulation of Lewy bodies have been noticed in the cortical areas. Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques may be observed in patients of Alzheimer's disease with dementia. Other mechanisms associated with cell death are proteosomal and lysosomal dysfunction followed by reduced mitochondrial activity. Iron accumulation has been noticed in the regions of substantia nigra.DiagnosisParkinson's disease can be diagnosed by medical history and neurological examination. There are at present no definite laboratory tests available that can clearly depict that a person is suffering from PD although brain scans help in disease identification but the chances of accuracy are low. The patients may be given levodopa which results in reduction of problems of motor impairment and the disease can be diagnosed with greater accuracy. Isolation of Lewy bodies from the midbrain by autopsy also confirms that a person is suffering from PD. Alzheimer's disease, multiple cerebral infarctions and drug-induced Parkinsonism can also produce Parkinsonian syndrome. Medical organizations have created certain criteria by which the disease can be diagnosed in early phases. The most widely used criteria have been developed by the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank and US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The PD Society Brain Bank focuses on rest tremors, slowness of movements and postural instability.Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain of the patients of PD appear to be normal. These techniques can be useful in identification of the secondary symptoms of PD like basal ganglia tumors, vascular pathology and hydrocephalus. Diffusion MRI is however, useful in differentiation of typical and atypical Parkinsonism but more research is required in this field. PET and SPECT radiotracers can be used for measuring the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Reduced dopaminergic activity in the neurons of basal ganglia can be a clue for this disorder.ManagementIn the present scenario there is no possible cure for Parkinson's disease but medication, surgery and multidisciplinary management can help the patients to survive. The most promising drugs used to curing the motor symptoms are levodopa, dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. These drugs are generally prescribed on the basis of the phase of the disease associated. In general terms two stages of medications are identified. In the initial phase the patient with PD develops some disability for which he or she requires pharmacological treatment and in the second phase the patient develops motor symptoms related to levodopa usage. The treatment in the initial stage aims at minimizing the side effects that have resulted from the enhanced dopaminergic activity. The starting of the levodopa treatment can be delayed by the usage of other drugs like dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. These drugs can delay the onset of dyskinesias. The second phase of medication aims at reducing the fluctuations that have resulted as a result of treatment. When medications fail to give the desired results then surgery and deep brain stimulation methods are employed. In the final stages of disease palliative care is provided in order to enhance the quality of life.LevodopaLevodopa has been used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease for more than 30 years. In the dopaminergic neurons L-DOPA is converted into dopamine in the presence of dopa decarboxylase. As motor symptoms in PD are caused by the lack of dopamine in the cells of substantia nigra, the administration of L-DOPA can help to diminish the motor symptoms temporarily. Studies have indicated that only 5-10% of the L-DOPA crosses the blood brain barrier. Although L-DOPA is converted into dopamine but it produces a number of side effects also like nausea, dyskinesias and joint stiffness. Carbidopa and benserazide are potent peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors. They block the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine therefore reduce side effects by increasing bioavailability. Levodopa is also related to dopamine dysregulation syndrome which is the result of overuse of the medication. If the doses of levodopa are given intravenously and through intestinal infusions, then the rate of spread of medication increases.Tolcapone is known to inhibit the COMT enzyme activity which is responsible for the degradation of dopamine and this in turn prolongs levodopa activity. Usage of levodopa in later phases of the disease results in involuntary movements also known as dyskinesias and fluctuations in response to medication. When this happens the patient of PD switches from good response to medication and few symptoms to no response to medication and significant motor symptoms. Therefore, it is advised to keep the doses of levodopa low in order to maintain the functional stability of the patient. Use of alternatives for levodopa is now in practice.Dopamine agonistsA number of dopamine agonists are known that have similar effects like that of levodopa and are known to bind the dopaminergic post-synaptic receptors. They are generally used for the individuals suffering from dyskinesias and the common examples are bromocriptine, pergolide, piribedil, apomorphine and lisuride. Although they are known to produce significant effects but also cause some mild side effects namely drowsiness, hallucinations, insomnia, nausea and constipation. Sometimes in very mild doses side effects emerge out so the physician has to search for another drug. These drugs are useful for curing the motor symptoms caused by overuse of medication and are useful for treating the symptoms that arise during the initial phases of the disease. They are more expensive than levodopa and dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are however, rare in younger people but other symptoms may crop up as the age as well as the disease advances.MAO-B inhibitorsThese drugs are known to increase dopamine levels in the basal ganglia by blocking it metabolism. They are known to inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase-B that breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons. Reduction in the activity of MAO-B increases the levels of L-DOPA in striatum. They are used to improve the motor symptoms in early phases of the disease but are less effective than levodopa. They produce more side effects.Surgery and deep brain stimulationResearchers earlier believed that surgery and deep brain stimulation can help to treat the motor symptoms of PD but with the discovery of levodopa the number of operations experienced a heavy downfall. Surgery is generally performed in those cases where drugs fail to produce significant effect. Surgery in case of PD can be placed under two group namely lesional and deep brain stimulation (DBS). The target areas for lesions and DBS are thalamus and subthalamic nucleus. DBS is the most commonly used surgical treatment and it involves use of brain pacemaker that sends electrical impulses to specific areas of brain. DBS is generally used for the individuals who suffer from motor fluctuations and uncontrolled tremors or those who suffer from sever neuropsychiatric problems.Rehabilitation and dietSpeech problems can be cured with rehabilitation although more research is required in this area. Regular physical exercise with or without physiotherapy can be helpful for treating the problems associated with mobility, flexibility, gait etc. although the exercise program must be practiced under the strict supervision of the physiotherapist. Muscles and nerves that take control over the digestive process are generally affected in PD resulting in constipation and gastroparesis. A balanced diet is recommended by the doctors as swallowing difficulties may occur as the disease advances. In some cases gastrotomy is practiced where food is directly delivered in the stomach. Strong competition occurs between proteins and levodopa as both uses the same transportation system in the intestine and blood brain barrier. When both are taken together the effectiveness of the drug decreases. Therefore, when levodopa is taken heavy protein diets are discarded and the patient is suggested to take balanced Mediterranean diet.Palliative care and research directionsPalliative care is generally required in the final stages of the disease when all the medication strategies become ineffective. The prime aim of palliative care is to enhance the quality of life of the patient. Strong family support is very effect in this regard. PD is the second most dangerous neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. We can end up by saying that PD must be taken seriously as it bears the potential of making the life of an individual worse if neglected.

Since Permax was approved in 1988, 12,000 to 25,000 patients have been prescribed the drug to treat the symptoms associated with Parkinson's. Permax is primarily used to treat Parkinson's patients during the early stages of the disease. Recent studies have revealed Permax heart valve disease problems in Parkinson's patients following long-term use of the drug. Men and women are affected by Parkinson's disease in almost equal numbers. Parkinson's disease is the most commonly diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, around 50,000 new Parkinson's Disease cases are reported annually. Since its approval doctors have prescribed Permax to over 500,000 Parkinson's and Restless Legs Syndrome patients. Parkinson's symptoms are characterized in four primary ways: •rest tremor of a limb (shaking with the limb at rest) •rigidity (stiffness of the limbs and trunk) •slowness of movement (bradykinesia)

•postural instability (poor balance) Permax (peroglide) is a member of a class of drugs referred to as dopamine agonists and is used to help treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Most Parkinson's symptoms are caused by a lack of dopamine. Medications such at Permax are used to treat Parkinson's by attempting to mimic dopamine which helps improve the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have shown an increased risk of Permax heart valve disease in Parkinson's patients who have taken the drug over a long period of time. A new Permax study, "Cardiac Valve Regurgitation With Peroglide Compared With Nonergot Agonists in Parkinson Disease", was published in the March 2007 issue of the medical journal Archives of Neurology. This study involved Parkinson's patients and showed an increased risk of Permax heart valve disease following long-term use of the drug. Two other Permax studies conducted in Britain and Italy also revealed a significant increase in Parkinson's patients developing heart valve disease. Permax valve injuries were found in around one-fourth of Parkinson's patients taking the drug.

In 2006 a black box warning was added to the Permax label following serious concerns of heart valve disease risks in Parkinson's patients taking the drug. On March 29, 2007 the FDA announced a Permax recall after more studies revealed increasing evidence of Permax heart valve disease in Parkinson's patients. The FDA stated that the withdrawal of Permax from the marketplace would not be immediate in order to allow time for doctors and patients to discuss appropriate alternative treatment options. Steve Fields To learn more about Parkinson's Permax please visit our website. Our team of Permax attorneys represents clients in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Arizona, North Dakota, South Dakota and throughout the United States.

Parkinson disease is also known as paralysis agitans or shaking palsy. It's a disorder that affects nerve cells of the brain that controls muscle movement. The chemical called dopamine is made by the neurons in the brain and these neurons die or don't work anymore. This disease affects more men than women and generally begins around 60 years of age.Parkinson disease is a debilitating and aging disease. It is a progressive disease that gets worse over time and lasts a long time with no known cure. It appears that many cases were exposed to environmental toxins such as pesticides. There may be an increase of Parkinson in persons that drank rural well water that may have pesticide exposure (agricultural chemicals).SYMPTONS: Tremors; Stiffness of arms, legs and body; Slowness of movement; Posture instability; Poor balance and coordination; Depression; Trouble chewing, swallowing, speaking; Syncope (fainting, caused by insufficient oxygen in the brain); Insomnia; DementiaParkinson is diagnosed by the medical history and neurological examination. It appears that dopamine is needed to have activity in the circuits of the basal ganglia. In Europe Ioflupane (123I) is used in Nuclear Medicine SPECT gamma camera scans to image the brain. It shows if the dopamine activity in the basal ganglia is normal or abnormal. The SPECT scan image used for diagnoses is a cross section of the middle of the brain. The normal scan looks like opposing single quotation marks approximately above the sinuses. As Parkinson disease progresses the bottom part of the single quotation marks start to disappear.A variety of medicines used to sometimes help symptoms: LEVODOPA which controls some of the symptoms such as slow movement and stiffness. Levodopa goes to the nerve cells in the brain and is converted into dopamine; ELDERYL by preventing the dopamine from being destroyed. This drug may slow the progression of Parkinson's disease in the early stage of the disease. This drug is well-tolerated by most people, with possible side effects of Nausea, Dizziness/Lightheaded/Fainting, Abdominal Pain, Confusion, Hallucinations, Vivid Dreams, Dyskinesias, Headache: APO-TRIHEX Trihexyphenidyl is used to treat symptoms such as restlessness and shakiness. Apo-Trihex allegedly corrects the chemical imbalances that cause Parkinson's: TRIVASTAL (Piribedil) helps in Parkinson's disease, memory loss, and dizziness.ANTIOXIDANT OXIDANT WATER: Steven M. Lacny (diagnosed with Parkinson at age of 52) says three days of drinking the water (about a gallon + a day), I noticed some easing of pain in my joints. After two weeks all of the pain and stiffness was gone... and after not being to taste anything for a year my taste was back and sharper than ever.

A very dear friend of mine has been diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. It was a shock when I found out about the news. My friend is also my workmate. His oldest daughter was older than I was so he was like a mentor to me. He is a kind man, well liked, gentle, and is full of wisdom. His symptoms were starting to be obvious, and not long after he was away sick for 3 weeks. He had undergone a series of tests and was told that his parkinsons disease has progressed and that he needed more medication to control the symptoms.

Parkinson's disease - is currently an incurable condition, but symptoms can be treated with a range of medications. Parkinsons disease is a degenerative neurological condition. Parkinson's disease can affect a person's sexuality through loss of neurological control of body movements or medication side effects.

Do you want to know more about the frustrations of parkinson disease sufferers?Follow my blog to see real time blogging and experiences and the progression of Bob's parkinsons disease on a day to day basis. click here now: Eyes Open: Parkinsons Disease .

Related Articles - disease, medical, parkinsons disease, parkinsons, disease, parkinsons disease PD, PD, michael j fox, Eyes Open Parkinsons Disease,

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What is Parkinson's Disease?Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease, Parkinson's, idiopathic parkinsonism, primary parkinsonism, PD or paralysis agitans) is a progressive debilitating neurodegenerative disorder of the motor system. The disease results in the loss of the neurons or nerve cells that contain dopamine in the substantia niera, the part of the brain that controls movement.What causes Parkinson's disease?The cause is unknown though several factors are considered to be linked to the development of the disease. Approximately 15% of sufferers have a family history of the disease, but it has not been proven whether this is due to genetic or environmental factors. One theory is that environmental factors such as toxins play a part in the neurons ability to produce dopamine. Other theories focus on the neurons dying due to the aging process or because of exposure to free radicals. Though the causes of the disease have not been proven, the following factors increase the risk of Parkinson's;

Age

Male

Genetic link to a sufferer

Stress

Head trauma

Environmental exposure to pesticides

Rural living

High fat diet

There are also three factors that have been associated with a decreased risk of Parkinson's, these are cigarette smoking, anti-oxidants being present in diet and having measles early in life.Parkinson's disease SymptomsMotor symptoms are the primary symptom, with tremors starting in one area (e.g. a hand or leg) and then developing in other parts of the body. However, not all tremors are due to Parkinson's disease. Stiffness and slowness in movements are also symptoms of the disease and can cause cramps and soreness. Sufferers may develop issues with walking imbalance, feet shuffling and stooped posture. Parkinson's disease may also cause swallowing difficulties and gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and incontinence. The disease may inhibit brain function and cause dementia. Sufferers may also experience fatigue, depression and emotional changes.What are the treatments available?There is currently no known cure for the disease so treatments are targeted at managing the symptoms of the disease. There are many medications to treat the wide range of symptoms related to the disease. Levodopa is often the most effective treatment for sufferers. The medicine converts to dopamine within the brain thereby reducing many Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, the effectiveness of Levodopa has been found to decrease over time and also to have unwanted side effects (including nausea and vomiting). Physiotherapy can help improve muscle strength, improving gait and balance for sufferers, while some patients have successfully had their tremors treated by brain surgery. Counseling may be beneficial especially after their initial diagnosis for the sufferer and their family.

Parkinson's Disease is a neurological illness that targets motor skills. Many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due a lack of the chemical dopamine in the brain.This is a "motor system" disorder because it affects a person's movement and coordination.This disease is generally diagnosed and treated after the age of 50, but it strikes younger people as well. There is no particular group of people affected. It affects people of every ethnic and social group as well as any geographic area.Currently there is no cure for this disease. No blood test will confirm or deny its presence. MRI's are often used to rule out any other neurological cause for the symptoms.Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include:Tremors of the hands, legs, arms, or face tend to occur when the limb is at rest but not when performing tasks.

Shaking of the hands, legs, arms, or face

Bradykinesia is slowness of voluntary movements such as walking. It causes difficulty in starting movement as well as completing a movement once begun.

Problems with balance

Rigidity of limbs or stiff muscles may produce muscle pain and tends to increase during movement.

Parkinsonian gait is a distinctive unsteady walk associated with Parkinson's disease. The affected person tends to bend unnaturally backwards or forwards, and develop a stooped, head-down, shoulders-dropped stance.

Arm swing is reduced or absent, people with Parkinson's tend to take small-shuffling steps. This is called festination.

A person with Parkinson's may have problems starting movement to walk, seem to fall forward as they walk, freeze in mid-stride and make box like turns.

Impaired speech-the affected person may have difficulty speaking; their voices become very soft and monotone.

Blinking, smiling and other automatic movements may be lost; these are all unconscious acts that are normal actions of people.

Stiffness of trunk and limbs

Stiffness of facial expressions, often referred as the Parkinson's Mask, this is caused by the rigidity of muscles of the face.

Cramped handwritingThere are many other non-motor complications of Parkinson's disease including:Difficulty chewing and swallowing

Urinary problems

Constipation

Sleep Problems

Sexual dysfunction

Excessive salivation

Loss of intellectual capacity

Anxiety, depression, isolationThere are a number of medications to help manage the symptoms of this disease, but do nothing to stop the progression of the disease.Levodopa and carbidopa are considered the gold standard in drug therapy. Levodopa is a natural substance found in plants and animals. It is a precursor to dopamine and when given to patients it is converted to dopamine by nerve cells in the brain. Carbidopa is given in conjunction with Levodopa because it helps get more Levodopa to the brain and lessens some of the side effects.Other medications include dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, Amantadine, Coenzyme Q10.Parkinson's disease is a distressing and exhausting condition for the patient as well as family and friends. The most serious and disabling impact of this disease is the gradual loss of mobility. This in turn leads to loss of independence in daily activities.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, second only to Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's is characterized by varying degrees of muscle stiffness (rigidity), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), postural instability (gait imbalance) and tremor. A little-known fact is that thirty percent of all Parkinson's patients do not have tremor. When people begin to experience tremor, frequently they will jump to the conclusion that Parkinson's disease is to blame. However, neurologists frequently find themselves correcting a mistaken Parkinson's diagnosis.The diagnosis for Parkinson's is made on the basis of a detailed medical history and neurological exam. There is no diagnostic test to make the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. The disease usually starts in individuals over the age of 65. The first symptom may be a mild resting tremor in one hand. It is very common to have tremor on only one side. Other patients may start off with gait imbalance and slowness of movement. Parkinson's patients have a very characteristic masked facial expression. Their faces tend to have a blank, staring look, lacking in emotional expression. To make an accurate diagnosis, a patient needs to have 3 of the 4 major criteria listed. It is not uncommon for a patient to have symptoms for 1-2 years prior to an accurate diagnosis, particularly in the absence of tremor. The disease progresses slowly, often lasting 15-20 years or more.At the time a patient with the disease sees their doctor, they are usually experiencing significant slowness of walking and other movement. Family members or a spouse will say that it takes the patient twice as long to get dressed or ready to go. Stumbling or falling can also be a reason for seeking out medical attention. An accurate diagnosis can only be made by carefully assessing the symptoms and performing a detailed neurological exam. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI is usually not necessary; nor is getting lab work.Once the diagnosis is made, treatment can be started. Studies have suggested that starting patients on rasagiline (Azilect) may have benefit in slowing down the progression of Parkinson's. This medication or selegiline should be one of the first medications started. Symptomatic treatment for tremor can be started with Artane, an anticholinergic compound. If a patient has more trouble with slowness of movement or rigidity, amantadine can be started.Once a patient's symptoms become too troublesome, the dopamine agonists are the next line of medications indicated. Dopamine is the brain transmitter which is deficient in Parkinson's patients. Dopamine agonists mimic the action of dopamine, stimulating the dopamine receptors. Mirapex and Requip are examples of dopamine agonists. They can help to reduce tremor and improve movement in Parkinson's patients. Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist that is available by injection or cream form. It has a short duration of action but can help Parkinson's patients who suffering from freezing or "off time," where they become "stuck."Once a patient reaches the stage of the disease where daily activities are significantly affected and no other medication is working, Sinemet (levodopa-carbidopa) therapy is indicated. Although dopamine is deficient in Parkinson disease, it cannot be taken orally as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Levodopa can be taken orally and will cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, levodopa is converted into dopamine. This dopamine can then be effective in relieving many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Starting levodopa therapy too soon, however, can have negative effects on patients. Levodopa has a useful window of symptomatic relief of about 5 years. After taking levodopa for longer than 5 years, patients can develop motor fluctuations, such as freezing, sudden "off times" and involuntary movements (known as dyskinesias).In summary, the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease is clinically complex. Not all persons suffering from tremor have Parkinson's disease. Affected patients would best be served by seeing a neurologist specializing in movement disorders and especially in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the natural Parkinson's disease treatment is divided into 2 parts hope you enjoy reading this one and found it very beneficial to those who are stricken with Parkinson's disease. (PD) is a degenerative disease affecting the nervous system. The underlying cause is unknown, but symptoms appear when there is a lack of dopamine in brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that carries messages from one nerve cell to another. In healthy persons, it exists in balance with another. Neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. In people with what is called primary Parkinson's disease, the substantia nigra the area of the brain containing cells that manufacture dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are damaged or dying, and the brain loses the ability to manufacture these chemicals. The disease may start almost imperceptibly, with a mild to moderate tremor of the hand or hands while at rest, a general slow and heavy feeling, muscular stiffness, bradykinesia (Slowness of movement), and a tendency to tire more easily than usual. Later symptoms may include muscular rigidity; drooling; loss of appetite; a stooped, shuffling gait; tremors, including a characteristic "pill rolling" movement in which the thumb and forefinger rub against each other; impaired speech; and a fixed facial expression. The body gradually becomes rigid and the limbs stiffen. Depression and or dementia may accompany the physical symptoms.

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common debilitating diseases in the United States. It affects men more often than women. Recent statistics indicate that 1 in every 200persons over the age of sixty is affected. While the cause of the loss of brain cells that causes Parkinson's disease remains unknown, a number of different theories have been developed. One hypothesis is that the cells are destroyed by toxins within the body that the liver is unable to filter out, metabolize or detoxify because as the body ages, the liver loses its ability to work as effectively and as efficiently as it once did. Another theory is that exposure to environmental toxins, such as herbicides and pesticides that leach into ground water, is responsible. Continued in Natural Parkinson's Disease Treatment part 2 just click the link below: http://www.curewithinoneminute.com

Dementia is the progressive decline in mental function -it reduces the ability to process thought or intelligence of a person. Such type of problem normally occurs due to some already met with diseases or sort of damages in brain cells. Damage could be due to a stroke, for an example, a disease might be Alzheimer's. Diseases that cause dementia

· Alzheimer's disease - This is a most common cause of dementia. The chemistry and structure of the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease changes and the brain cells die prematurely.

· Stroke (Vascular problems)-Our brain needs a good supply of oxygen-rich blood but if strokes occur in blood vessels (veins and arteries) then this supply is damaged in any way and our brain cells could die.It causes the symptoms of Vascular Dementia.

· Dementia with Lowy bodies -Brain cells are also called nerve cells; they formpart of our nervous system.Spherical structures develop inside nerve cells, these spherical structures in the brain damage brain tissue. In resulting, the patient's memory, concentration and ability to speak are affected. Dementia with Lewy bodies is sometimes mistaken for Parkinson's disease because the symptoms are fairly similar.

· Fronto-temporal dementia-If the front part of the brain would damaged, the patient's behavior and personality are affected first, later the memory changes. · Other diseases - Progressive supranuclear palsy, Korsakoff's syndrome, Binswanger's disease, HIV\AIDS, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Dementia is also more common among patients who suffer from Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Motor Neuron disease and Multiple Sclerosis. People who suffer from AIDS sometimes go on to develop cerebral impairment.

Symptoms of dementia: · Memory loss - the patient sometimes starts forgetting their daily routines or short works for eg. Coming home from shop. As well as forgetting names and places. Some times for getting the things even after placing them on the right place. · Moodiness -slowly the brain is loosing its power or damaging the cells which control the emotions and it results thatthe patient may become more moody. Tempers may also be affected by fear and nervousness - the patient would always remains in dilemma and freighting about the future. · Conversational difficulties - the affected person finds it harder to talk read or write.

Later on the patient may not be able to look after himself as for daily routine needs.

Treatments of dementia Cholinesteraseinhibitors (one stage of Dementia) are frequently managed during the early stages. Many psychological, cognitive and behavioral therapies may also be useful. Several studies clarifies that music therapy helps a lot to patients with dementia. It is important to remember that the patient's helpers also need training for emotional support to moods problematic patients.

if a country find a lot of cultural differences or good education opportunities , plenty of employment with good atmosphere, no illogical gender differences and frequent immigration process is being adapt by the natives then, all these changes always occupies people, their working capabilities and thus causes less chances of dementia.

Prescribed drugs In USA are as follows: Tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon) have been approved for the treatment of dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease - some physicians prescribe these drugs for vascular dementia as well. Selegiline, which is used for treating Parkinson's disease, has been found to slow down the progress of dementia.

The writer of this article is associated with BookMyDoctor.com and writing about the various diseases since a long time, in this article the writer mainly focused on the Causes of Dementia and primary Symptoms of Dementia, and about the various Treatment of Dementia that a patient can feel during this disease

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Parkinson's Disease Treatment In India

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that generally affects both men and women who are more than 40 years old. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson's, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to.....

Causes of Parkinson's Disease

The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown. It is thought that Parkinson's Disease is caused by a chemical imbalance in the co-ordination centre of the brain, known as the striatum. Parkinson's patients suffer from cell death in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra....

Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

The key signs of Parkinson disease are : - Tremor (shaking)Slowness of movementRigidity (stiffness)Difficulty with balance.....

Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease

After a thorough neurological exam and history are performed, the neurologist can make a presumptive diagnosis of PD. There are a number of other disorders, which have some similar features and can be mistaken for Parkinson's disease. Specific diagnostic testing can rule these out in most cases. CT scan (computerized tomography) and MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging) are often performed......

The treatment options of Parkinson's disease are : - Deep Brain StimulationPalliodotomyThalamotomy.......

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So, now you know all about the Primary Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's disease. But, oh my goodness... there's so much more to talk about!A. MicrographiaThat there is a $20 Latin word for small writing. When I look back at all the crap I learned in High School, the one thing I am most grateful for is typing class. For a person with Parkinson's, writing by hand is a chore. I have always suffered from crappy handwriting. Now it is crappy - er.And it's more than just small writing for me. It's leaving letters out of words, it's wandering down the paper in a slant. My signature is practically illegible. But I kin type REEEEAL good, if you don't mind having to wait for me to make corrections.B. FatigueWhen I was going to and from my workplace in Bethesda, by the time I got to work in the morning I was already exhausted. So imagine how I felt when I finally got home at night. Fatigue is part and parcel, one of the rich colors in the tapestry we call Parkinson's disease.And I'm talking about a BONE weariness. If the problem is the medications not working, not only are you carrying your own weight around with each step you take, but you are moving with muscles that don't WANT to move. Muscles that RESIST moving. Muscles that would just as soon throw you in front of a moving subway train than take the staircase if the escalator isn't working.Now that I've retired at the ripe old age of 56, I don't suffer quite as much from the fatigue. But it turns out the fatigue has little to do, if anything, with the amount of physical effort I put forward in a day. Sometimes I can spend the morning watching TV and be in desperate need of a nap by 1 p.m.So if a Parky tells you he's sick and tired, he means it.C. DystoniaI used to get this a lot more before the DBS operation than I do now. But let's discuss.You're sitting there watching the same Law and Order episode on TNT that you saw three days ago when all of a sudden your foot wants to pretend it's a parrot's claw. It wants to curl up in a way that a foot was never meant to curl, so you can perch on a branch and eat cuttlebone. And it hurts like Satan's Eternal Torment.That's what they call "mild dystonia."Heavy duty dystonia, which I've never had, involves your body trying to turn itself into a pretzel. Here's a picture of a young guy with drug induced dystonia. Looks like fun, yes?A lot of the things I think of as "cramps" are probably, in fact, dystonias. The muscles in my neck, for instance, that cramp when I lie down. When I had a CT scan done not long ago and had to lay down on the hard exam table, my whole upper back tried to twist itself out of shape. I didn't care for it. Not at all.But thankfully, they don't happen often. And I think taking a nighttime Sinemet helps.D. Stooped PostureRemember Pope John Paul II in his final years?Yeah. That's the guy.That gentle slope in his back in this photo taken in 1997 is a direct result of his long battle with Parkinson's disease.I, likewise, have a similar slope.In fact, as I wrote earlier, I'm generally in a permanent state of stoopidery... unless I'm using my walker and make the conscious effort to stand up straight.Back in 2007, when I started taking my Parkinson's seriously again and my neurologist put me back on anti-Parkinson's meds, a friend of mine saw me in the hallway where I worked at the National Institutes of Health. She was staring at me."Have you gotten taller," she asked."No, why?""You look taller," she said. This friend knew I had PD, and I told her I had restarted the meds and maybe that was why I looked talker... I was standing up straight."You always had this 'walking into the wind' look about you," she said.Now, this far along in the progression, it's the least of my problems although I do feel the stress in the upper back muscles from time to time.E. Impaired Fine Motor Control and DexterityI have never been a poster child for the "Non-Stumblebum Society of America." But I've certainly noticed a drop in my ability to do fine work with my fingers. I used to be able to type without as many mistakes as I make now. And I think the micrographia we discussed earlier is part of this as well.Just don't ask me to do any surgery on you, and we'll all be fine.F. Impaired Gross Motor CoordinationPardon me while I look up just what they mean by that phrase.Ah! The reason I quit driving in May 2009. The reason I carried an "I have Parkinson's Disease" card in my wallet in case a cop ever pulled me over and wanted to give me a sobriety check.I cannot walk in a straight line.I cannot walk heel, toe, heel, toe.I cannot hold my arms out to my side, tip my head backwards, shut my eyes and touch my nose.The actual reason I stopped driving, however, had nothing to do with worrying about getting pulled over. It was because I was worried about being killed or killing someone else.In May 2009, Gail and I were on the way to the mall. I drove up the exit ramp and got close to the stop sign. There was a car in front of us. I put my foot on the brake. I also put it on the gas. The car lurched forward. Luckily I was able to stop us in time.This had been happening a lot lately, I told Gail, and enough was enough. May 20, 2009, I hung up the car keys.OK, what's next...G. Loss of Facial Expression or "Masking"I refer you again to some famous folks with Parkinson's. Muhammad Ali. The late Pope. That blank look on the face doesn't mean there's nobody home in there. In fact, although the lights may be out... everybody's home!Gail's used to it now. She has long since asking me what's wrong. I'm still capable of feigning expressions... but my neutral expression, my "Parky Face" if you will, is what you see here. Still cute as the dickens, mind you... but if you didn't know me you would think that I might be upset about something.Like I said... just another pastel in the rich, colorful tapestry that is our friend Parkinson's disease.H. Poverty of MovementThis was the thing that first got me noticed as a potential Parky. When the neurologist who examined me in November 1999 the morning after I was admitted with what they thought might be a stroke, he noticed I wasn't moving my right arm when I walk. Now, I don't move either arm when I walk. Now, if left alone, I am perfectly content to remain seated, perfectly still. My eyes get dry because I don't blink enough. Saliva gathers in the back of my throat because I don't swallow enough. This results in a nightly episode of throat clearing that makes my wife want to murder me.(There are many things that make my wife want to murder me, and I will do my level best to touch on all of them before we're done.)I. Problems Swallowing.The doctors call this "dysphagia." They charge you extra for that. It's a lack of coordination between your epiglottis - that little trap door that flaps down to cover your windpipe when you swallow - and the rest of your mouth.Want to know what that's like? Here's yet another practical demonstration you can try at home. (Have someone standing buy to call 9-1-1 in case things go south on you.)Grab a nice, cool glass of water. Take a nice sip. Now, try to force yourself to let just a few drops of that water trickle down your windpipe. Then, spend the rest of the evening coughing, trying to clear your throat.And it's not just liquid. I recall going to an Italian restaurant with Gail last year. I had a personal pizza, and a big string of mozzarella snuck past the epiglottis and went RIGHT DOWN MY WINDPIPE!I was able to hack it back up. But I was far from the most popular person in the restaurant.Once, back when I still drank (gave it up in July 2010), an entire mouthful of Port Wine went into my left lung. Shall we discuss how tender lung tissue reacts to alcohol? It's not pleasant. Not at all.It's an issue of coordination, I believe.This is connected, I believe, with our next contestant...J. Drooling.The way my neurologist put it, it's not that I'm making too much saliva. It's just that I'm not swallowing as much as I should be. The saliva gathers and pools and goes where gravity takes it. If I bend over, it will come out my nose. If I sit or walk with my mouth open, I will drool on my shirt.During one hacking spasm at the mall (not the same day as the near mozzarella mortality I mentioned earlier), I found myself standing in the middle of the passage way, coughing, wheezing, watching in horror as a long string of drool made its way, in taunting slow motion, from my mouth to the floor. It made a "splatting" sound that I'm sure they could hear at the opposite end of the mall.People were looking at me. With their EYES! The expression said, "Come, Matilda. Let us be off before that doddering old fool collapses and I have to perform CPR on him."Now, in the evening when I go into my usual mode of throat clearing, I've found a way to use drooling to my advantage. My neurologist gave me an atropine eyedrop solution to use for this. A couple drops under the tongue, and eventually the mouth dries up. But in the mean time, I breathe through my mouth and intentionally drool into a cup. When the passage of air causes my throat to dry out, then we're all better and Gail no longer lusts for my blood.K. Sexual Dysfunction.I may touch on this further when I discuss dyskinesia. But let me go on record as saying dyskinesia sex... it's not good.The meds, the disease, the combination thereof have robbed me of my libido which is fine with Gail who has been waiting for this since the day after our honeymoon. She loves me with all her heart. She just doesn't like... you know... touching me or anything.I exaggerate, of course. But loss of libido really isn't a problem when you're really, truly in love with someone. I love Gail as much - if not more - than when we were doing it on a nightly basis. Now we don't have to worry about finding the time or being in the mood or anything like that. It's behind us.And that's all you need to know about that.L. AkathisiaYour doctor will charge you an extra $30 for using that word. It means "restless leg syndrome" which I do not have. USED to have it before PD. Don't any more.But if you've ever had RLS, keep the feeling in mind. We'll get back to it when we discuss "dyskinesia."But for now, we continue with...M. SPEECH PROBLEMSNow, for most Parkies, this means their voice gets whispery, reedy, they have trouble projecting and being heard. I do not have that problem. I'm every bit as loud as I ever was. I think a lot of that comes from my training as a broadcaster. Most people speak from the throat. Ask anyone who has ever done any acting or broadcasting (I've done both). You have to speak from the diaphragm. I still do that. I've noticed that when I'm reading aloud, the muscles in my throat and my jaw and my tongue tire out quickly and I can't go on and on like I used to be able to. But loudness ain't the problem here.For me, it's this damn stuttering. No way would I be able to do a live radio show now. Even edited, there are times I sound like I'm slurring and talking slowly. And I guess I am.There are different categories for this, as far as I am concerned.There are times when I can't think of the word I want to say. Like last week when Gail asked if I wanted to go to Target with her and I said, "Yeah, cuz I need to get some new... um... things... for my... um..." and then I imitated the sound of an electric razor and the motions of shaving. Gail would be a great charades partner.Then there are times when I can think of the word, but I just can't make myself say it. This happens either when I'm under stress or for no reason at all, by itself or on combination with other symptoms.Last night, I was moving from the kitchen to the living room. I was carrying a bottle of club soda and a glass of ice in one hand, my nitey-nite pills in the other. As I got to the area where the linoleum turns into rug, Raven suddenly moved. She was getting out of my way. She's a good dog.My brain shrieked... "STOP!!!" I froze. Tight. Gail jumped off the couch and tried to steady me. I didn't need steadying. I needed her to take the glass and bottle. For some reason, I was feeling off balance and my dumbass brain was blaming it on the glass and bottle in my left hand."Take the... take the... take the... take the..."But then, the touch of her hand on my arm unfroze me. I was good as new, or at least as good as I get. I gave her a hug and a kiss and made my way to the recliner.But, as I said, this happens even when I'm perfectly relaxed. There are some scholars who think this and the phenomena of "freezing of gait" are related.Wouldn't surprise me a bit.

The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is degeneration of brain cells in the area known as the substantia nigra, one of the movement control centers of the brain. Damage to this area leads to the cluster of symptoms known as "parkinsonism." In Parkinson's disease, degenerating brain cells contain Lewy bodies, which help identify the disease.

The cell death leading to parkinsonism may be caused by a number of conditions, including infection, trauma, and poisoning. Some drugs given for psychosis, such as haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (thorazine), may cause parkinsonism. When no cause for nigral cell degeneration can be found, the disorder is called idiopathic parkinsonism, or Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism may be seen in other degenerative conditions, known as the "parkinsonism plus" syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy. The substantia nigra, or "black substance," is one of the principal movement control centers in the brain.

By releasing the neurotransmitter known as dopamine, it helps to refine movement patterns throughout the body. The dopamine released by nerve cells of the substantia nigra stimulates another brain region, the corpus striatum. Without enough dopamine, the corpus striatum cannot control its targets, and so on down the line. Ultimately, the movement patterns of walking, writing, reaching for objects, and other basic programs cannot operate properly, and the symptoms of parkinsonism are the result.

It is possible that early exposure to some as-yet-unidentified environmental toxin or virus leads to undetected nigral cell death, and that Parkinson's disease then becomes manifest as normal age-related decline brings the number of functioning nigral cells below the threshold needed for normal movement. It is also possible that, for genetic reasons, some people are simply born with fewer cells in their substantia nigra than others, and they develop Parkinson's disease again as a consequence of normal decline.

As of 1998, however, no gene or toxin had been identified to explain the large number of cases of Parkinson's disease seen each year. Environmental toxins, infections, and other triggers can provoke excessive production in the body of oxygen free-radicals, damaging particles that may play a major role in the deterioration of nerve cells that lead to Parkinson's. A viral presence in the Lewy bodies and swollen nerve pathways of Parkinson's brains. Influenza and other potent viruses have long been known to be a cause of parkinsonism.

Symptoms of Parkinson's

Bradykinesia is slowness in voluntary movement. It produces difficulty initiating movement, as well as difficulty completing movement once it is in progress. The delayed transmission of signals from the brain to the skeletal muscles, due to diminished dopamine, produces bradykinesia. Bradykinesia and rigidity that affects the facial muscles can result in an expressionless, "mask-like" appearance.

Tremors in the hands, fingers, forearm, or foot tend to occur when the limb is at rest, but not when the patient is performing tasks. Tremor may occur in the mouth and chin as well.

Rigidity, or stiff muscles, may produce muscle pain and facial masking. Rigidity tends to increase during movement.

Poor balance is due to the impairment or loss of the reflexes that adjust posture in order to maintain balance. Falls are common in people with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonian gait is the distinctive unsteady walk associated with Parkinson's disease. There is a tendency to lean unnaturally backward or forward, and to develop a stooped, head-down, shoulders-drooped stance. Arm swing is diminished or absent and people with Parkinson's tend to take small shuffling steps (called festination). Patient's with Parkinson's may have trouble starting to walk, may appear to be falling forward as they walk, may freeze in mid-stride, and may have difficulty making a turn.

Causes of Parkinson Disease:

In most individuals, Parkinson's disease is idiopathic, which means that it arises sporadically with no known cause. However, about 15% of individuals have family members with Parkinson's disease. By studying families with hereditary Parkinson's disease, scientists have identified several genes that are associated with the disorder. Studying these genes helps understand the cause of Parkinson's disease and may lead to new therapies. So far, five genes have been identified that are definitively associated with Parkinson's disease.

SNCA (synuclein, alpha non A4 component of amyloid precursor): SNCA makes the protein alpha-synuclein. In brain cells of individuals with Parkinson's disease, this protein aggregates in clumps called Lewy bodies. Mutations in the SNCA gene are found in early-onset Parkinson's disease.

PARK2 (Parkinson's disease autosomal recessive, juvenile 2): The PARK2 gene makes the protein parkin. Mutations of the PARK2 gene are mostly found in individuals with juvenile Parkinson's disease. Parkin normally helps cells break down and recycle proteins.

PARK7 (Parkinson's disease autosomal recessive, early onset 7): PARK7 mutations are found in early-onset Parkinson's disease. The PARK7 gene makes the DJ-1 protein, which may protect cells from oxidative stress.

PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1): Mutations of this gene are found in early-onset Parkinson's disease. The exact function of the protein made by PINK1 is not known, but it may protect structures within the cell called mitochondria from stress.

LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2): LRRK2 makes the protein dardarin. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been linked to late-onset Parkinson's disease.

Find powerful herbal remedies Natural Cure for Parkinsons Disease

These Natural Remedies are Effective: Multi-Vitamins Some prescription medications may contribute to certain nutritional deficiencies so taking a potent multivitamin everyday may help counteract these nutritional deficiencies. It is recommended that those with the disease take a multivitamin that comes in a gel-cap form so that it is more easily digested. This natural remedy for Parkinson's disease can help to alleviate certain symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, weakness and decreased energy. Those with Parkinson's disease often have difficulty utilizing nutrients effectively. Because of this they may benefit from taking a supplement with digestive enzymes in addition to a quality multi-vitamin with every meal to counteract poor nutrient utilization.

Acidophilus and Bifidobacteria Acidophilus and bifidobacteria are essential for a healthy gastrointestinal tract. Many patients with Parkinson's disease experience constipation and these probiotics can help to prevent it. Those who have a milk allergy can opt to take the dairy-free version. Those who opt for this natural remedy should follow the recommended dosage indicated on the product label.

Calcium and Magnesium Since the disease affects the central nervous system it is important that patients get enough calcium and magnesium because these minerals are essential in maintaining central nervous system health. Those with Parkinson's disease may benefit from taking 500 milligrams of calcium two times per day and 250 milligrams of magnesium (along with trace minerals) two times per day. As a natural remedy for Parkinson's disease, adequate calcium and magnesium can also help to alleviate muscle aches and muscle weakness. Essential Fatty Acids The sufferers of this disease are often deficient in essential fatty acids. Supplements such as flaxseed oil and evening primrose oil are high in essential fatty acids so patients find taking these supplements to be beneficial. It is recommended to take 500-1,000 milligrams of either or both of these two times per day.

Phosphatidylserine It is believed that low levels of phosphatidylserine may be linked to Parkinson's disease. Phosphatidylserine is a type of lipid that promotes healthy brain functions as well as promoting the effective transmission of nerve impulses. Taking this supplement will not cure Parkinson's disease, but it may be beneficial in slowing the progression of the disease. It is recommended to take 50 milligrams three times per day. Selenium Since the disease is thought to inhibit the production of healthy nerve cells it is important for patients to limit damage to current nerve cells. The supplement selenium is thought to be effective in limiting the damage to nerve cells by oxygenating tissues and improving circulation. Those with Parkinson's disease may benefit from taking 200 micrograms everyday.

Complex Glycoproteins Those with the disease may benefit from the complex glycoproteins that are derived from a snakes venom. A study showed that those who were injected with 100mg of neotrophin 1 experienced dramatic improvements in their symptoms after approximately eight weeks of treatment. Patients who wish to use this natural remedy for Parkinsons' disease need to make sure that they find a qualified practitioner or else they may end up facing further health complications. Also read about Arthritis or Back Ache Home Remedies for Warts or read more on gonaturalremedies.com

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More recommendations PD is considered to be degenerative and is often facilitated by the accumulation of toxins in the body. The natural Parkinson's disease treatment part 3 highly recommends the following diet and nutrition that has detoxifying properties. If you must take the drug levodopa, consume the following foods in moderation only: bananas, beef, fish, liver, oatmeal, peanuts, potatoes, and whole grains. These foods contain vitamin B6, which interferes with the drugs potency. Do not take supplemental vitamin B6 as it counteracts the drugs therapeutic effects (be careful with multivitamin supplements). Also, because some of the amino acids contained in food proteins can prevent this drug from reaching the brain where it is needed, eat protein foods only in the evening and not at the same time as the drug is taken. Once on medication, discuss with your physician any dietary change you plan to make, as dosage adjustment may be needed. If your work or a hobby exposes you to chemicals or metals such as lead or aluminum, always wear protective clothing, including gloves and a face mask.

Some people with Parkinson's disease have been found to have high levels of lead in their brains. Chelation therapy and the highly recommended eBook that deals with ingested oxygen therapy (the cure within one minute) are so effective in removing lead from the body. Because there are no definitive tests for Parkinson's disease, people with hypoglycemia are sometimes misdiagnosed as having the condition. Fasting, Chelation, and ingested oxygen therapy (The cure within one minute) are both beneficial natural Parkinson's disease treatment and may help to halt the progression of Parkinson's disease. Physical therapy, including active and passive range of motion exercises, plus daily moderate exercise like walking, can help to maintain normal muscle tone and function. "Green drinks" may significantly reduce symptoms. Octocosanol, a substance found in wheat germ oil, has been shown to have beneficial effects on neuron membranes, and may make it possible to reduce the dosage of levodopa required.

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There's presently not any definitive treatment for Parkinsons disease yet the signs and symptoms of this disease can be managed and relieved with the aid of correct prescription medication and supervision. Pure treatment for Parkinsons condition consists of suitable management of the disease with the help of bodily action and assistance therapy.

Pilates and Yoga might help in reducing muscle rigidity

Substitute remedies for example yoga and pilates focus on muscle dexterity and controlled motions. These treatments ought to be applied under the supervision of a trained professional and in consultation together with your physician.Numerous people struggling with this ailment have reported substantial relief in muscle pain right after normal practice of yoga.

Actual physical activity

Individuals with Parkinson's disease must continue to be as active as feasible, preserving everyday activities and, if feasible, a frequent physical exercise program. Assistance therapies from physiotherapists, occupational and speech practicioners may also assist with particular workouts, knowledge and retraining to improve coordination, stability and motion. Actual physical action continues to be shown to possess numerous wellness added benefits for all. It helps with weight control and decreases the risk or increases the outcomes of several ailments such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or depression. People with Parkinson's disease who regularly exercise will appreciate every one of these added benefits too as unique help with their motion condition. It will aid maintain muscles remain flexible and in fine tone; enhance the variety of movement and sustain bodily strength. Every one of these aspects influence stability, posture as well as the way you move.Regular household duties including gardening, cleaning the auto and walking the dog will also assist maintain common fitness.

Continue along with your present sports and hobbies, just like tennis, golf, bowls or dancing. You might come across your performance is steadily impacted as your Parkinson's condition progresses, but the enjoyment, actual physical activity and social features of sport are nevertheless really worthwhile.

It is crucial to realize that over exertion and fatigue might worsen the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Therefore a individual suffering from this problem must exercise in small amounts and not overdo it as tiredness can occasionally exacerbate signs or symptoms just like tremor.

Speech Treatment

As Parkinson disease gradually worsens, the person's speech may well be impacted. In such cases a speech therapist can offer aid to the affected person.

Additionally to the above there are also other standard alternatives for treatment for Parkinsons for example surgical treatment (not an option for all affected individuals), prescription medication (most doctors will favor to limit your consumption of drugs) and clinical research trials (a opportunity to participate in screening the newest medical trials). During the last few decades there has been a noticeable increase in treatment for Parkinsons to the stage where you no longer need to suffer in silence and can lead an effective and satisfying life. Seek advice from a professional to discover which is the most effective treatment for Parkinsons for you.

Additional Resources:3 Excellent Alternative Treatment For Parkinsons DiseaseTreatment For Parkinson's Disease

Even though Parkinson's Disease can be terrifying there aretreatment for Parkinsons that can help you live with it and lead a gratifying life. Information is power so ensure you visit our site today!

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Parkinson's disease is also known as PD. This disorder occurs in the central nervous system. It often impairs the persons: motor skills, speech, muscle coordination, and other functions. As these symptoms escalate they lead to difficulty with walking, talking, and other simple tasks. No person is usually affected under the age of 50. Depending on the person it progresses more quickly. Symptoms are normally restricted on a single limb in the first phases of the disease. But they eventually affect the other half of the body. Most patients are aware of this nature of the disease, and this knowledge makes the condition even more unbearable (both physically and psychologically) which often leads to over-monitoring of their cases.http://www.ayurvedicherbalcure.com/health-products/mentat-syrup.html •Tremor (shaking) is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease. Most often, a hand or arm shakes on one or both sides of the body. Tremor may also affect other areas of the body, such as a leg, a foot, or the chin. Shaking usually lessens when the affected part is used. It usually worsens when at rest.

•Rigidity (stiffness), or muscle tightness, happens because the muscles don't get the signal to relax. Rigidity may cause muscle pain and a stooped posture. •Bradykinesia means "slow movement." Starting to move takes extra effort, causing problems with actions such as getting out of chairs and beds. Walking may be limited to short, shuffling steps. Blinking, facial expressions, swinging of arms when walking and other "unconscious movements" are also slowed down. •Problems with balance can lead to falls, often forward or backward. •Other symptoms may include speaking too softly and in a monotone, writing that gets shaky and smaller across the page, and sometimes trouble swallowing. Constipation is a common problem for people with Parkinson's disease. Symptoms may also include oily skin, sweating, and changes in blood pressure. Memory loss and other problems with thinking may also be present. Early symptoms of Parkinson's disease include muscular stiffness, a tendency to tire more easily than usual, and trembling that usually begins with a slight tremor in one hand, arm, or leg.

Parkinson's Disease Natural Treatment: - •Vitamin B6 is essential to stimulate the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine. This and the other B-group vitamins may become deficient in people taking L-dopa drugs for long periods, and so a supplement of 50-100mg of vitamin B6 a day (in a B-complex formulation) is recommended. •The patient should avoid tea, coffee, chocolate, salt, spices, condiments, pickles, flesh foods, white flour and white sugar and all processed, tinned, canned and frozen foods. The short juice fast followed by an all-fruit diet should IJP, repeated at monthly intervals till condition improves. •Vitamin E and folic acid (found in seeds, whole grains and dark green vegetables) are important as they are involved in the conversion of phenylalanine (an amino acid) to L-dopa in your brain. Some scientists believe Parkinson's disease may be linked to a deficiency of these nutrients in early life. You may be interested in reading Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Treatments at Parkinson's Disease Natural Treatment

Welcome. There's a lot of myth and misinformation floating around about this disease. Plus, most of the authoritative answers are written in medical language that you need a medical degree to understand. You shouldn't need to be confused about Parkinson's simply because you didn't go to medical school. You deserve to have all the information you need in one place, written in an easy-to-understand everyday language that won't confuse you. Why should you be frustrated in your attempt to find relevant and important information? (As if having Parkinson's disease or caring for someone with the disease wasn't challenging enough.) Until you realize you CAN take back control of your life in spite of Parkinson's Disease, you won't know just how relieved and peaceful you can feel. Here's some of what you're going to uncover: Discover exactly what is Parkinson's Disease. Where does it start? How fast does it progress? You'll be surprised to know the confusion that still exists on this subject. It's vital that you understand what the disease actually is, not just the symptoms.

What causes the disease and how you can know if you're likely to get it. Find out about an unlikely group with a BAD health habit that almost never gets Parkinson's. How you can get correctly diagnosed in determining whether it's Parkinson's Disease you really have. My mother's correct diagnosis was missed for three whole years by her doctors! Find out how to avoid this happening to you or your loved ones. Is it hereditary? Find out what the latest research shows about whether you should be concerned if your parent or close family ancestry had Parkinson's. Can Parkinson's be cured? 22 of the most common symptoms of someone with Parkinson's Disease. Learn these symptoms so you won't be fooled by other 'look alikes' and the most significant symptoms to look for in Parkinson's sufferers. What you should know about how fast the disease is likely to progress. It may be less scary than you anticipate. What the latest research shows about the most effective ways to slow the progression of Parkinson's. You'll discover some common nutritional supplements that can help in this area.

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Just because you or your family has acquired health insurance coverage from dependable medical insurance companies, does not mean that you have protected yourself or your family against diseases as well. In the unfortunate event of hospitalization, don't be surprised that your body has been giving several indications and symptoms but you were being completely ignorant not to take them seriously. In cases of serious ailments, nothing happens overnight. Body goes through minor gradual changes and also exhibits symptoms as an indication of internal changes. It's necessary to take those symptoms seriously and act before time before it's too late.

Here, we have listed a few warning signs that you must keep a watch on to quickly identify serious diseases:

1.Sudden or Unexplained Weight Loss Losing weight without even trying to do so could be a sign of serious health related problems. In case of aged people, sudden or unexplained weight loss could account for major related problems such as heart diseases, cancer, malnutrition, dementia, depression or Alzheimer (a fatal brain disease that gets worse with aging).

2.Mood Swings Ordinarily, everyone perceives mood swings; however their persistence over a longer period of time indicates major health warnings. It could be sign of depression or other mental problems.

3.Crease in earlobe Creases appear when skin looses its strength. While common creasing could result from skin degradation incurring due to aging, creases in earlobe indicate increased risk of heart attacks.

4.Loss of smell Though routine nasal congestion or blockage could reduce sense of smell, loss of smell also occurs as a result of aging. In some cases, loss of smell also indicates early signs of Parkinson's disease.

5.Skinny Calves Indicates increased risk of stroke

6.Difficulty in Cooking & Doing Routine Things Inability to handle routine chores such as difficulty in remembering steps to prepare a meal or place a telephonic call or play a game could be related to dementia or other neurological disorders.

7.Difficulty in Movement & Getting Around It is quite normal to observe older people not moving around much and remaining confined to just one place. Though routinely this could arise due to muscle weakness, and problems with joints, such signs could implicate due to serious health problems.

Since costs of medical and health care expenses are rising day by day. Medical insurance companies get individuals checked thoroughly for any pre-existing medical or health related problem. To keep diseases at bay you must be proactive to notice minutest changes in your physical and metal health and adapt a healthy lifestyle.

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As a senior, you have to be prepared for any conditions that may come your way, as some inevitably will as you get older. Graham & Graham Eldercare Consultants Services are willing to care. Unfortunately, there are some diseases and conditions that one just cannot prepare for. Parkinson's Disease is one such condition. It occurs predominantly in the elderly but can be present in a small number of younger people. It is not primarily caused by mental degeneration, as is the common perception, although it is related to the brain. However, regardless of that fact, it can still be extremely frustrating for both the sufferer and his or her family because the condition is progressively degenerative and the former will know exactly what is happening for quite a while before the black hole of oblivion takes over. Parkinson's Disease is caused by the nerve cells in the body slowly breaking down so that they are unable to relay the messages that the body is sending to the brain. The main function of the nerve cells is to connect the brain and the body to let the former know what the latter is doing and vice versa. Unfortunately, as the nerve cells slowly become more damaged, they are unable to function correctly and thus wires get crossed. It is at that point that the sufferer begins to lose all control of what his or her body is actually doing.

The early symptoms are a slight shaking of the hands, arms, legs and jaw, also known as tremors. This is because the nerves begin to affect the muscles and affect movement. After a while, these symptoms will become noticeable to everyone around you and will then begin to progressively worsen as time goes on. Parkinson's usually affects one side of the body more than the other and can also affect all forms of communications. It may be a chore to write because the tremors prevent accurate lettering and, after a while, the sufferer's speech will also be affected. The full-blown shakes do not usually begin until a few years after the initial tremors start, although it can be as little as a few months for some sufferers. There is no telling how long this progression will take, but once it starts it is only a matter of time. Doctors do not, as yet, know what causes Parkinson's Disease, despite extensive research into it. There is not even an official test to diagnose the patient. Most diagnoses are made on medical histories and tests to rule out other ailments and illnesses. Unfortunately, this means that there is no cure available to sufferers. Once you have it, you have got it for life. This can take some getting used to, but many sufferers simply get on with their lives until they reach the point where this is no longer possible. The disease often causes depression, as well as making everyday tasks, such as getting dressed, near on impossible. Buttons and laces could be the hardest puzzle in the world to a Parkinson's sufferer and this makes it extremely frustrating.

There are drugs that will help alleviate symptoms for Parkinson's Disease sufferers in the short term, although they have no beneficial effects in the long term. Certain medications can stop the tremors for short periods of time and thus allow sufferers to get on with their lives as normal. These drugs include carbidopa-levodopa, bromocriptine, selegiline, pramipexole, ropinirole, tolcapone and pergolide. Of course, they all have different brand names but are designed to do the same job. Some medications will suit an individual, but others will make symptoms worse for a time. Nobody can tell which ones will work and so doctors usually have to experiment to get it right. Parkinson's Disease is a horrible illness for the sufferer and the people close to him or her. There is very little that can be done, but being diagnosed early can alert patients to the amount of time they have to make the most of life before it takes over their bodies. Research is still ongoing but until there is a cure, life just has to go on as normal. Visit us @ https://www.facebook.com/ELDERCAREconsultants

After a year of tests to identify the cause of his various symptoms, Mr. Glowienke said that the diagnosis was a double-edged sword. "On the one side, I was very relieved to put a name to it," he said. "On the other side, it was quite a shock."During that year of testing, Mr. Glowienke said he asked one of his doctors if he could possibly have Parkinson's disease and was told, No, you're way too young.Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative brain disorder that affects muscle movement and it is chronic and progressive. People with any type of Parkinson's disease may have tremors, difficulty swallowing, memory loss, and other symptoms.Young-Onset Parkinson's disease is essentially the same as Parkinson's disease, which typically is diagnosed around age 62. Like many Americans, Mr. Glowienke had only heard of young-onset Parkinson's before when celebrities such as boxer Muhammad Ali and actor Michael J. Fox went public with their own diagnoses -- which they both received in their 30s. Mr. Fox has not only become famous for his struggles with the disease, but also set up the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. Mr. Glowienke and his wife Ann created the Focus on a Cure Foundation in Oswego, Illinois after he was diagnosed.According to the National Parkinson Foundation, there are a few differences for those with Young-Onset Parkinson's disease versus those with Parkinson's disease. The disease progression is slower in Young-Onset Parkinson's and has a lower rate of dementia, but there is an increased rate of dystonia (sustained abnormal postures) and dyskinesias in response to L-DOPA treatment. At any age, the disease severity varies greatly between individuals.The American Parkinson Disease Association has created the National Young Onset Center solely for the education and support of people diagnosed with the disorder at a relatively young age. Some of the issues for younger people go beyond just the physical symptoms and this organization provides resources to address things like maintaining employment, health, relationships (including those with very young children since people diagnosed in their 30s sometimes have children under age 10 to care for), insurance and much more.Support for the Family CaregiverMr. Glowienke is now on disability from his job as a global marketing and training manager for a medical device company. "I was at the top of my game," he said. "And it took me a long time to get there." But it had become too difficult to travel, and with tremors increasing on his right side, Mr. Glowienke relies on his wife to manage his daily medications, drive him places, and even cut his steak for dinner. His 19 and 20-year old daughters are also able to help out.With Young-Onset Parkinson's Disease the role of the in home caregiver is also flipped: instead of primarily adult children helping their aging parents, it is often spouses, siblings, and friends who may be of the same age as the patient.The National Young Onset Center can also connect people who are going through the illness-either families and in home caregivers or those with the disease.The needs of the caregiver vary greatly, depending on the current symptoms being experienced by the person diagnosed with Young-Onset Parkinson's disease. The National Parkinson Foundation offers personal stories of caregivers, an A-Z list for caregivers, links to local and home care resources, online discussion forums, and an online library of information about Parkinson's disease.

As Parkinson's disease really affects movement and motor functions, that is the main place to look for signs and symptoms of the disease. It really affects the motor function of the body, and there are four motor symptoms that are considered the most important ones to look for in relation to this disease. Firstly, tremor, is the most popular of all symptoms as well as the most common. Usually when the body is at rest, the limbs will begin to tremor and disappears when the person moves on their own or sleeps. It usually affects the distal part of the limb and appears in just one place, like the arm or leg, spreading more later. Usually it is about four to six hertz per second. This is usually always present for patients and for the small percent that don't have it, they acquire it later upon disease onset.Another motor that is important is Bradykinesia, which means slowness of movement, and has to do with slowing the motions of the patient. It is seen in the early stages of the disease and can be noticed when people are trying to do daily things like sew or write or dress themselves but they cannot seem to do it at a normal speed or pace. Of all the symptoms this is the one that interferes most with peoples' lives at the early stages of the disease because it hinders their ability to get things done and to perform ordinary and everyday instances. Furthermore, it is not an equally applied event either, as sometimes the patient can't walk at all but can ride a bicycle, as it affects various parts of the bodies in different ways and at different times.Rigidity is the increased muscle tone which causes stiffness and resistance to limb movement. The patient might experience some joint pain and aches and be unable to move their body or their muscles easily as it will all feel stuck and fastened together. This might cause problems for them when they try to go for a walk or to pick up something or if they sit in one place for too long they will always have this rigid sense of being fastened down and trapped and aching in their bodies.Other symptoms include things like slowed speed and a difficulty to work the motor functions and say things with ease. Speech becomes slurred and slow and it is harder to get thoughts out verbally. Also, depression might follow as well as apathy and a disdain for life at having to live it so difficultly, like someone trapped in a body that is working against them. Drowsiness might occur as well as urinary incontinence.There is no known cause for the disease, although some people think that it occurs when people are exposed to certain pesticides. Treatments today help manage the motor functioning systems by using dopamine and levodopa, but as the disease progress the drugs fail to work. There are other kinds of medications available, as well, as well as therapies and rehab.